Biology

1. The Living World and Biological Classification

Characteristics of living organisms, taxonomic categories, and the five-kingdom classification.

2. Plant Kingdom

Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, and alternation of generations.

3. Animal Kingdom

The basis of classification and the salient features of the major animal phyla.

4. Morphology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed, and the internal structure of plant organs.

5. Structural Organisation in Animals

Animal tissues and the organ systems of the earthworm, cockroach and frog.

6. Cell: The Unit of Life

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the cell membrane, cell organelles and the nucleus.

7. Biomolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and the structure and properties of enzymes.

8. Cell Cycle and Cell Division

The cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

9. Transport in Plants and Mineral Nutrition

Diffusion, osmosis, water potential, the ascent of sap, transpiration, and essential mineral elements and their deficiency symptoms.

10. Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants

The light and dark reactions, C3 and C4 pathways, photorespiration, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

11. Plant Growth and Development

Phases of growth, differentiation, plant growth regulators, photoperiodism and vernalisation.

12. Digestion and Absorption

The human alimentary canal, digestive glands and enzymes, absorption, and disorders of the digestive system.

13. Breathing and Exchange of Gases

The respiratory system, the mechanism of breathing, transport of gases and respiratory disorders.

14. Body Fluids and Circulation

Blood and lymph, the structure and working of the human heart, the cardiac cycle, the ECG and circulatory disorders.

15. Excretory Products and their Elimination

Modes of excretion, the human excretory system, urine formation, its regulation, and dialysis.

16. Locomotion and Movement

Types of movement, the structure of skeletal muscle, the sliding filament theory, the skeletal system and joints.

17. Neural Control and Coordination

The neuron and nerve impulse, the central and peripheral nervous systems, reflex action and the sense organs.

18. Chemical Coordination and Integration

The endocrine glands, their hormones, the mechanism of hormone action, and disorders of hyper- and hyposecretion.