Biology

1. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure, microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, pollination, double fertilisation, and seed and fruit formation.

2. Human Reproduction

The male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, the menstrual cycle, fertilisation, implantation and lactation.

3. Reproductive Health

Population control, contraception, medical termination of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and infertility.

4. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendel's laws, incomplete dominance, codominance, linkage, sex determination, pedigree analysis and genetic disorders.

5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

DNA as the genetic material, replication, transcription, the genetic code, translation, the lac operon and the Human Genome Project.

6. Evolution

Origin of life, evidence for evolution, Darwinism, the Hardy-Weinberg principle and human evolution.

7. Human Health and Disease

Common human diseases, immunity, vaccination, AIDS, cancer and drug and alcohol abuse.

8. Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in household products, industrial products, sewage treatment, biogas production and as biocontrol agents.

9. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, recombinant DNA technology, PCR and bioreactors.

10. Biotechnology and its Applications

Bt crops, RNA interference, gene therapy, transgenic animals, molecular diagnosis and biopiracy.

11. Organisms and Populations

Adaptations, population attributes, growth models and population interactions.

12. Ecosystem

Productivity, decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids, succession and nutrient cycling.

13. Biodiversity and Conservation

Patterns of biodiversity, causes of loss, and in-situ and ex-situ conservation.