Researchers like Bronfenbrenner pointed to the role of lack of mothering i.e. tender
and affectionate care, producing long-term deficits in children raised in institutions
like orphanages. He concluded that children are most vulnerable to long term
negative effects of institutionalisation in the first six months of life. The risk
decreases with children who are admitted into orphanages at older ages. Moving to
a more developmentally supportive environment, reduces the negative effects of
institutionalization.
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ISC (CLASS XII) SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER 2026
(Source (modified) Age At Adoption from Institutional Care as a window into the
Lasting Effects of Early Experiences-Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2013
Jun;16(2):101–145.doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0130 Megan M Julian-National
Library of Medicine)
(a) According to Bronfenbrenner, explain two ecological systems that young
children brought up in an orphanage are deprived of.
(b) Based on the study as stated above, discuss any two points to highlight the
importance of understanding lifespan development.

Specimen paper · 2026 · CollegeDekho (mirror of CISCE PDF)